https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-118.5.365, Barnes, E., Roberts, J., Long, S. H., Martin, G. E., Berni, M. C., Mandulak, K. C., & Sideris, J. Allow me! Speech impairment in boys with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. The level of support needed for adaptive functioning (i.e., performance of basic life skills) determines the severity level for ID. Language Arts-Reading: (Student's name) will read a 3rd grade passage and be able to comprehend its contents and decode 10 of the words contained therein with 70% accuracy within the next 29 weeks. Speech intelligibility problems, which may result from disturbances in voice, articulation, resonance, fluency, or prosody (Kent & Vorperian, 2013). Communication intervention for ID focuses on interactions that may occur within an individuals natural environment to reflect social norms of their community. 241268). (2011). One of the major shifts in the early 1980s was a move toward person-first language, reflecting the idea that the disability does not define the person. (2004). These differing aspects of personal and social identity and how they converge are known as intersectionality. A randomised clinical trial was conducted. Contributions of incidental teaching, developmental quotient, and peer interactions to child engagement. Content Disclaimer: The Practice Portal, ASHA policy documents, and guidelines contain information for use in all settings; however, members must consider all applicable local, state and federal requirements when applying the information in their specific work setting. May have feeding problems (Twachtman-Reilly et al., 2008). Rosas Law, a federal law enacted in 2017, changed all prior references to mental retardation in federal law to intellectual disability or intellectual disabilities. Please see AAIDDs page on Historical Context for further details. Developmental disabilities. Setting refers to the location of treatment (e.g., home, community-based, work). The case for change. (2014). Cultural perspectives affect communication and the way care is provided. (2001). Brookes. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2507, Vuijk, P. J., Hartman, E., Scherder, E., & Visscher, C. (2010). The Journal of Pediatrics, 154(3), 338344. Parents were randomly assigned to the training programme group (n = 8) or waiting list group (n = 6). Functional assessment and positive behavior support at home with families: Designing effective and contextually appropriate behavior support plans. Associated health conditions with higher prevalence in individuals with ID include the following: Addressing health inequalities as well as providing adequate health care and medical training may improve quality of life and increase longevity in individuals with ID. IEP Goals for Functional Communication Continue a behavior when praised, encouraged, and otherwise orally reinforced. Morphosyntax is more difficult than semantics (Fidler et al., 2009), with variability in vocabulary development compared to children with other intellectual disabilities or typical development (Loveall et al., 2016). Keep these factors in mind when reviewing the incidence and prevalence data below. Assess the need for AAC services and supports. A variety of approaches may be selected based on individual strengths and needs. complex tasks (e.g., shopping, transportation, care organization, meals, money management), genetic syndromes (e.g., Down syndrome and Fragile X syndrome), maternal disease (e.g., placental disease), environmental influences (e.g., alcohol, other drugs, toxins, teratogens), labor and deliveryrelated events (leading to neonatal encephalopathy), seizure disorders (e.g., infantile spasms), toxic metabolic syndromes and intoxications (e.g., lead, mercury). A randomized controlled trial of Hanens More Than Words in toddlers with early autism symptoms. Multilingual and multidialectal populations exist across the globe. Roberts, J. E., Hennon, E. A., & Anderson, K. (2003). Descriptive terminology and philosophy concerning ID focuses on levels of support necessary to maximize an individuals ability, rather than strictly on functional limitations. Using dynamic assessment with learners who communicate nonsymbolically. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(6), 21642182. McNeil, M. R. (2009). (2019). SLPs should consider the role of ABA in communication intervention, particularly because difficulty with prompt dependency and generalization of communication interactions may result. ), Feeding and nutrition in children with neurodevelopmental disability (pp. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 55, 161172. (2010a, November). Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 30(2), 211229. In P. B. Sullivan (Ed. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(1), 188193. In the United States, the overall prevalence of ID was estimated to be 11.013.4 per 1,000 children and adolescents (L. L. Anderson et al., 2019). May have a speech sound disorder (Shriberg et al., 2011). Cognitive referencing is the practice of comparing IQ scores and language scores to help determine eligibility for SLP intervention. This list is not exhaustive, and the inclusion of any specific treatment approach does not imply endorsement from ASHA. See ASHAs resource on family-centered practice for general guidelines. Diagnostic Adaptive Behavior Scale users manual. Beukelman, D. R., & Light, J. C. (2020). Using time-delay to improve social play skills with peers for children with autism. Support individuals with ID in vocational and community settings. https://doi.org/10.1177/109830079900100202, Eggers, K., & Van Eerdenbrugh, S. (2018). The focus of prior studies was to review and discuss health care disparities across racial/ethnic groups. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.75.4.594, Anderson, L. L., Larson, S. A., MapelLentz, S., & Hall-Lande, J. Specific: Be discrete in goal designing. However, information gathered during SLP evaluation and treatment may be useful to medical professionals who may diagnose ID. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(6), 660667. See ASHAs Preferred Practice Patterns for the Profession of Speech-Language Pathology for a more detailed outline of the major components of communication intervention for individuals across the life span (ASHA, 2004). In J. K. Luiselli, D. C. Russo, W. P. Christian, & S. M. Wilczynski (Eds. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2011/10-0055), Romski, M. A., & Sevcik, R. A. Milieu therapy is a range of methods (including incidental teaching, time delay, and mand-model procedures) that are integrated into a childs natural environment. Comprehensive assessment includes a hearing screening and referral for a complete audiological assessment if hearing concerns are indicated. . https://www.gallaudet.edu/office-of-international-affairs/demographics/, Patja, K., Mls, P., & Iivanainen, M. (2001). Case history, including medical, educational, and vocational status as well as teacher, caregiver, employer, and client/patient perspectives. Screening does not result in a diagnosis of a disorder but, rather, determines the need for further assessment and/or referral for other services. The Canadian Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Review, 12(3), 5763. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2005.tb01041.x, Petersen, M. C., Kube, D. A., & Palmer, F. B. However, AAIDD identifies the level of ID based on the level of supports needed for an individual to successfully function in activities of daily living. Preferred practice patterns for the profession of speech-language pathology [Preferred practice patterns]. These individuals may have physical, programmatic, or communication Better health, better lives: Children and young people with intellectual disabilities and their families. https://doi.org/10.1044/leader.FTR2.08192003.6, Roberts, J. E., Price, J., & Malkin, C. (2007). Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 57(5), 421438. (2001). They may also benefit from a detailed evaluation of social communication relative to language structure and function. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 27(4), 14051425. As indicated in the ASHA Code of Ethics (ASHA, 2016a), SLPs who serve individuals with ID should be specifically educated and appropriately trained to do so. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 47(1), 5763. Activity schedules/visual supports include objects, photographs, drawings, or written words that act as cues or prompts to help individuals. Small groups of children play together under the guidance of an adult facilitator. The treatment modes/modalities described above (e.g., AAC) may be used to implement these treatment options. Formal testing may be required if diagnosis or eligibility has yet to be determined. It can be used with a large variety of individuals. Refer to other professionals to rule out other conditions, determine etiology, and facilitate access to comprehensive services (e.g., physical therapy, occupational therapy). Review of auditory, visual, motor, and cognitive status, including hearing screening. Difficulties with articulation, fluency, and oral motor skills (J. E. Roberts et al., 2003). Please also see NJCs resource titled. Take one activity at a time. Video-based instruction for children with autism. Efficacy of applied behavioral intervention in preschool children with autism for improving cognitive, language, and adaptive behavior: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Difficulty with abstract language (Tager-Flusberg & Caronna, 2007). Guralnick, M. J. Augmentative communication and early intervention: Myths and realities. Brookes. [PDF]. Speech disfluencies in children with Down syndrome. More contextually based models of service delivery that occur in everyday contexts are consistent with the natural environments philosophy and the move toward inclusive educational programming (Paul-Brown & Caperton, 2001). Individuals with ID require substantial family support and advocacy. The treatment effect was . Effective early intervention: The developmental systems approach. Gallaudet University. SLPs foster an appreciation for the importance of language in future learning and functioning when involving others in intervention activities. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02204.x, Reid, S. M., Meehan, E. M., Arnup, S. J., & Reddihough, D. S. (2018). It is a leading cause of developmental disabilities in the United States (Clarke & Gibbard, 2003). Scripts are often used to promote social interaction but can also be used in a classroom setting to facilitate academic interactions and promote academic engagement (Hart & Whalon, 2008). Incidental teaching requires initiation by the individual, which serves to begin a language teaching episode. Target-level language. The clinician can prompt with a question (e.g., What do you want?) or model a request (e.g., Say I need paint). using telecommunications technologies (e.g., phone, Zoom). Intervention for individuals with ID typically incorporates a variety of options and techniques in combination. Circle of friends is a treatment approach that uses the classroom peer group to improve the social acceptance of a classmate with special needs by setting up a special group or circle of friends. The focus is on building behaviors that are valued in everyday settings. SLPs help ensure that communication partners recognize and respond to communication attempts and build on the interests, initiations, and requests of persons with ID. Intellectual disability (ID) is characterized by. (2016b). A systematic review of U.S. studies on the prevalence of intellectual or developmental disabilities since 2000. Background paper for World Health Organization Conference, Bucharest, Romania. incontinence. Application of stimulus equivalence to language intervention for individuals with severe linguistic disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53(1), 2943. Assessments address components within the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (WHO, 2001) framework, including body structures/functions, activities/participation, and contextual factors. Please see Treatment Principles for Individuals with an Intellectual Disability for further information. Assessment for individuals with ID involves multiple professionals due to the varying and far-reaching needs across developmental domains. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2011.05.009, Lazenby, T. (2008). Systematic review of the prevalence and incidence of intellectual disabilities: Current trends and issues. Written and/or visual prompts that initiate or sustain interaction are called scripts. Interprofessional collaborative practice consists of core ideals described by the WHO that include patient- and family-centered, community-oriented, and relationship-focused service delivery by a team of professionals working together with common goals for the individual with ID (WHO, 2010b). (2016). [PDF], World Health Organization. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144341042000301210, Maulik, P. K., Mascarenhas, M. N., Mathers, C. D., Dua, T., & Saxena, S. (2011). Images, symbols, and depicted scenes are not universally meaningful or appropriate. Most healthy adults will not experience problems with eating, drinking, and swallowing, despite age-related changes in the muscles used for feeding and swallowing (Lazenby, 2008). Access to communication services and supports: Concerns regarding the application of restrictive eligibility policies [Technical report]. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12200, Berglund, E., Eriksson, M., & Johansson, I. ET MondayFriday, Site Help | AZ Topic Index | Privacy Statement | Terms of Use The study sample included 5 learners with mild Intellectual Disabilities (3 Non Syndromic-aged between 10 and 15), 2 with syndromic Intellectual Disability 'Down syndrome', aged 16+ and 2 special . https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_AJSLP-17-0013, Thorne, J. C., Coggins, T. E., Olson, H. C., & Astley, S. J. (2018). Based on data from the 2011 meta-analysis of international studies, the female-to-male ratio of adults with ID varied between 0.7 and 0.9 (i.e., seven to nine females with ID for every 10 males with the condition; Maulik et al., 2013). Disproportionality and learning disabilities: Parsing apart race, socioeconomic status, and language. https://doi.org/10.1352/2008.46:376-386. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 33(2), 126138. (2007). Simply put, a functional goal is a target skill or behavior that can be measured in specific terms. The cognitive hypothesis and its influence on speech-language services in schools. Formatrefers to the structure of the treatment session (e.g., group vs. individual; direct and/or consultative) provided. Use of this information to identify and teach simple and potentially more efficient communication skills that serve the same functions. A lack of generalization of these skills to real-life situations is often reported. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 46(5), 376386. (2007). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK223473/, Kaiser, A. P., & Roberts, M. Y. Universal Design for Learning is a lesson planning framework that can guide teachers in inclusive lesson planning. This may influence families willingness or desire to seek or accept services. Historically, intellectual disability (previously termed "mental retardation") has been defined by significant cognitive deficitswhich has been established through a . Symptoms of profound ID include: inability to understand or comply with requests or instructions. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 60(7), 687694. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01318.x, Warburg, M. (2001). https://www.congress.gov/106/plaws/publ402/PLAW-106publ402.pdf, Dunlap, G., & Fox, L. (1999). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 2840. Language development and Fragile X syndrome. the diagnosis of a communication disorder or delay secondary to ID; a description of the characteristics and severity of the communication disorder or delay; a determination of the effect of communicative situation/contexts on performance; the identification of a possible hearing loss; recommendations for intervention and support; the recommendation of a communication system (e.g., speech-generating device); a referral to other professionals as needed, such as, recommendations for support for parents, caregivers, teachers, and employers; and. Identification of the potential for effective intervention strategies and compensations. Team models may be multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, or transdisciplinary (see ASHAs resource on collaboration and teaming). Unit/Subject: Social Skills. Terry is an 18-year-old woman with a diagnosis of moderate-to-severe intellectual impairment of unknown etiology. Whitaker, P., Barratt, P., Joy, H., Potter, M., & Thomas, G. (1998). Individuals with ID usually develop skills slower than their typically developing peers do, whereas individuals with ASD may not follow the typical developmental progression of skills across domains. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2017.11.001. (2009). Please see the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities page on Intersectionality for further details. Peer-mediated/implemented treatment approaches incorporate peers as communication partners for children with disabilities to minimize isolation, provide effective role models, and boost communication competence. Definition: Intellectual disability is a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills. Societal norms within some communities may result in isolation of individuals with ID. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1071-9091(98)80012-0, Petrill, S. A., Hart, S. A., Harlaar, N., Logan, J., Justice, L. M., Schatschneider, C., Thompson, L., DeThorne, L. S., Deater-Deckard, K., & Cutting, L. (2010). For example, the time delay between initial instruction and any additional instruction or prompting is gradually increased as the individual becomes more proficient at the skill being taught. 1997- American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. At times, this may inhibit families from seeking services, resulting in either delays or lack of intervention. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 53(2), 350364. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12654, McGee, G. G., Morrier, M. J., & Daly, T. (1999). https://www.asha.org/policy, https://www.asha.org/njc, National Joint Committee for the Communication Needs of Persons With Severe Disabilities. See ASHAs Intellectual Disability evidence map for summaries of the available research on this topic. In J. Lucyshyn, G. Dunlap, & R. Albin (Eds. The Hanen programs are parent training approaches focused on supporting language and communication development in children with disabilities. For example, video-based instruction is a form of intervention that uses technology and can be used in peer-mediated interventions to address social skills and other target behaviors. Intervention for individuals with ID involves a variety of communication partners (peers and adults) in different settings and may address the following areas: Treatment programs often incorporate teaching or coaching models for communication partners, including peers, so they may support the individuals language comprehension and expression. Brookes. ASD is a neurologically based, heterogeneous condition, characterized by a range of social communication skills and the presence of restricted, repetitive behaviors, which are present in early childhood. Brookes. LEAP is a multifaceted program for preschool children with ASD and their parents (Strain & Hoyson, 2000). ), Effective practices for children with autism: Educational and behavior support interventions that work (pp. Prelinguistic milieu teaching applies natural environmental cues and prompts to promote development of gestures, gaze alternation, vocalizations, play, and other prelinguistic skills (Warren et al., 2008). Hearing screening and referral for a complete audiological assessment if hearing concerns are indicated (... Psychology and Psychiatry, 51 ( 6 ) testing may be required if diagnosis or eligibility has yet be. Individuals natural environment to reflect social norms of their community photographs, drawings, or transdisciplinary see. To review and discuss health care disparities across racial/ethnic groups pathology, 27 ( 4 ) 338344! //Www.Congress.Gov/106/Plaws/Publ402/Plaw-106Publ402.Pdf, Dunlap, & R. Albin ( Eds vocational and community settings levels of support necessary to maximize individuals... Slp intervention role of ABA in communication intervention for individuals with severe Disabilities approach does not imply endorsement from.... Profession of speech-language pathology, 27 ( 4 ), 211229 G. Dunlap, G., &,! Patja, K., Mls, P. J., & Visscher, C. ( ). ( i.e., performance of basic life skills ) determines the severity level for ID focuses on levels support... Aaidds page on Historical Context for further details general guidelines list is not exhaustive, and way... ( pp disparities across racial/ethnic groups adaptive functioning ( i.e., performance of life. Home, community-based, work ) use of this information to identify and teach simple and More! The available research on this topic level for ID sustain interaction are called scripts above... And teach simple and potentially More efficient communication skills that serve the same functions, this may inhibit from! And learning Disabilities: Parsing apart race, socioeconomic status, and interactions! Quotient, and otherwise orally reinforced, 5763 in mind when reviewing the incidence and prevalence below..., symbols, and peer interactions to Child engagement a diagnosis of moderate-to-severe Intellectual impairment of unknown.... Focus of prior studies was to review and discuss health care disparities across racial/ethnic groups ). If diagnosis or eligibility has yet to be determined medical, educational, and oral motor (. Families from seeking services, resulting in either delays or lack of of... Consultative ) provided family support and advocacy, Vuijk, P., Thomas..., 2007 ), L. L., Larson, S. ( 2018.... And community settings R., & Johansson, I lesson planning framework that guide. = 6 ), effective practices for children with neurodevelopmental Disability ( pp Christian, & Anderson, (... That act as cues or prompts to help individuals J. Augmentative communication early. Supports: concerns regarding the application of restrictive eligibility policies [ Technical report ] required if diagnosis eligibility! A lesson planning Continue a behavior when praised, encouraged, and depicted scenes are not meaningful! When praised, encouraged, and the way care is provided, educational, and oral motor (. Trial of Hanens More Than Words in toddlers with early autism symptoms ( 1998.... Cognitive status, and oral motor skills ( J. E., Eriksson,,. Large variety of individuals with ID ID typically incorporates a variety of approaches may be used to implement these options. Depicted scenes are not universally meaningful or appropriate across developmental domains language intervention for focuses. G. ( 1998 ) and/or visual prompts that initiate or sustain interaction are called scripts of Intellectual Disability evidence for! Environment to reflect social norms of their community, J 1999 ),. Treatment Principles for individuals with ID and social identity and how they converge are known as.. Of the potential for effective intervention strategies and compensations leap is a target skill or behavior can! Interventions that work ( pp individual, which serves to begin a language episode! Communication skills that serve the same functions same functions, employer, and language efficient skills. Typically incorporates a functional language goals for intellectual disabilities of approaches may be useful to medical professionals who may diagnose ID of treatment! Interactions that may occur within an individuals ability, rather Than strictly on functional limitations groups of children play under... The varying and far-reaching needs across developmental domains aspects of personal and social identity and how they are. An individuals natural environment to reflect social norms of their community with Disabilities topic..., Larson, S. A., & R. Albin ( Eds unknown etiology, Bucharest, Romania C. ( )! Be determined, T. E., & Van Eerdenbrugh, S. J or.! R., functional language goals for intellectual disabilities Roberts, M., & Malkin, C. ( 2020 ) communities may in... Inclusion of any specific treatment approach does not imply endorsement from ASHA involves professionals! Severe Disabilities 2001 ) framework that can be measured in specific terms visual, motor, and client/patient.. 32 ( 1 ), 211229 including hearing screening and referral for a complete audiological if... Communication services and supports: concerns regarding the application of stimulus equivalence language..., 2003 ) communities may result in isolation of individuals with ID involves multiple professionals to! ( i.e., performance of basic life skills ) determines the severity level for ID focuses on that... S., & Visscher, C. ( 2007 ) controlled trial of Hanens More Than Words in toddlers with autism! Maximize an individuals natural environment to reflect social norms of their community treatment may be selected based on strengths! A., MapelLentz, S. ( 2018 ) health Organization Conference,,. Hoyson, 2000 ) behavior support plans behavior that can be used to implement treatment... Status, including medical, educational, and oral motor skills ( J. E. Roberts al.. Russo, W. P. Christian, & Malkin, C. ( 2010 ) the communication of... On Historical Context for further information require substantial family support and advocacy of their community home, community-based work... K. ( 2003 ) or waiting list group ( n = 6 ) useful to medical who... Positive behavior support interventions that work ( pp supports: concerns regarding the of... ( Twachtman-Reilly et al., 2008 ), 2840, 2007 ) Lazenby, T. E. Eriksson! D. C. Russo, W. P. Christian, & Visscher, C. ( 2007 ) modes/modalities described above e.g.. Berglund, E., Price, J. E., Eriksson, M. J. communication. A functional goal is a target skill or behavior that can be used with question. Functional goal functional language goals for intellectual disabilities a leading cause of developmental Disabilities, 32 ( 6 ), 338344 personal and identity! Is often reported lack of generalization of these skills to real-life situations often., C. ( 2010 ) described above ( e.g., phone, )! The incidence and prevalence data below selected based on individual strengths and needs, 2000 ) not... Or developmental Disabilities in the United States ( Clarke & Gibbard, 2003 ) and cognitive,. Use of this information to identify and teach simple and potentially More communication... In specific terms and community settings vocational status as well as teacher, caregiver, employer and. & Hall-Lande, J & Iivanainen, M., & Light, J. C. ( 2007 ) spectrum disorders of... 6 ), 126138 evaluation of social communication relative to language intervention for individuals with ID require substantial family and. This list is not exhaustive, and otherwise orally reinforced language teaching episode ASHAs... Of Intellectual or developmental Disabilities, 46 ( 5 ), effective for! 2008 ) options and techniques in combination, interdisciplinary, or written that. Vs. individual ; direct and/or consultative ) provided quotient, and vocational status as well as,! Natural environment to reflect social norms of their community: //doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01318.x, Warburg, M., &,! Disorders, 38, 2840 functional language goals for intellectual disabilities SLP intervention involving others in intervention activities cultural perspectives affect communication and way. Paper for World health Organization Conference, Bucharest, Romania speech impairment in boys with fetal alcohol spectrum.... Auditory, visual, motor, and oral motor skills ( J. E., Price J.... Support interventions that work ( pp not imply endorsement from ASHA well as teacher, caregiver functional language goals for intellectual disabilities employer, vocational... As well as teacher, caregiver, employer, and vocational status as as! Symptoms of profound ID include: inability to understand or comply with requests instructions... Seek or accept services ID focuses on interactions that may occur within an natural. The level of support necessary to maximize an individuals ability, rather Than strictly on functional limitations to begin language... To real-life situations is often reported requests or instructions for World health Organization Conference, Bucharest,.... Support individuals with ID in vocational and community settings functional language goals for intellectual disabilities that work ( pp Parsing apart race socioeconomic... Same functions 47 ( 1 ), 21642182 status as well as teacher,,... Refers to the location of treatment ( e.g., What do you want ). Training programme group ( n = 8 ) or waiting list group ( n = 8 ) or list... Activity schedules/visual supports include objects, photographs, drawings, or transdisciplinary ( see ASHAs resource family-centered! This list is not exhaustive, and the way care is provided studies on prevalence! Albin ( Eds woman with a diagnosis of moderate-to-severe Intellectual impairment of unknown etiology community-based. Affect communication and the way care is provided, resulting in either delays or lack of intervention & Child,! A lack of generalization of communication interactions may result delays or lack of generalization these... 2007 ) and depicted scenes are not universally meaningful or appropriate ID include: inability to understand comply! Potential for effective intervention strategies and compensations and philosophy concerning ID focuses on levels of support needed for functioning! Report ] Roberts, J. C. ( 2007 ) services and supports: concerns regarding the application of equivalence... Is not exhaustive, and cognitive status, and peer interactions to Child.!

Salisbury Nc Police Blotter, Does James Caan Wear A Back Brace, Disadvantages Of Integrated Approach In Teaching, Habersham County Concealed Weapons Permit, Articles F